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Commit 3775dc11 authored by ext-calvo_p's avatar ext-calvo_p
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Merge branch '51-update-documentation-for-particle-matter-interaction' into 'master' 

Resolve "Update documentation for Particle-Matter Interaction"

Closes OPAL/src#142, OPAL/src#116, and #51

See merge request OPAL/documentation/manual!117
parents 6cebc7fc 25f9456b
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beam-command.asciidoc
+ 26
− 18
View file @ 3775dc11
......@@ -30,34 +30,42 @@ PARTICLE:: The name of particles in the machine.
_OPAL_ knows the mass and the charge for the following particles
+
POSITRON;;
The particles are positrons (`MASS`=latexmath:[m_e], `CHARGE`=1).
The particles are positrons (`MASS` = latexmath:[m_e],
`CHARGE` = 1).
ELECTRON;;
The particles are electrons (`MASS`=latexmath:[m_e], `CHARGE`=-1).
The particles are electrons (`MASS` = latexmath:[m_e],
`CHARGE` = -1).
PROTON;;
The particles are protons (default, `MASS`=latexmath:[m_p],
`CHARGE`=1).
The particles are protons (default, `MASS` = latexmath:[m_p],
`CHARGE` = 1).
ANTIPROTON;;
The particles are anti-protons (`MASS`=latexmath:[m_p],
`CHARGE`=-1).
The particles are anti-protons (`MASS` = latexmath:[m_p],
`CHARGE` = -1).
HMINUS;;
The particles are h- protons (`MASS`=latexmath:[m_{h^{-}}],
`CHARGE`=-1).
The particles are negative hydrogen ions (H-) (`MASS` = latexmath:[m_{hm}],
`CHARGE` = -1).
CARBON;;
The particles are carbons (`MASS`=latexmath:[m_c], `CHARGE`=12).
The particles are carbons (`MASS` = latexmath:[m_c],
`CHARGE` = 12).
URANIUM;;
The particles are of type uranium (`MASS`=latexmath:[m_u],
`CHARGE`=35).
The particles are of type uranium (`MASS` = latexmath:[m_u],
`CHARGE` = 35).
MUON;;
The particles are of type muon (`MASS`=latexmath:[m_\mu],
`CHARGE`=-1).
The particles are of type muon (`MASS` = latexmath:[m_\mu],
`CHARGE` = -1).
DEUTERON;;
The particles are of type deuteron (`MASS`=latexmath:[m_d],
`CHARGE`=1).
The particles are of type deuteron (`MASS` = latexmath:[m_d],
`CHARGE` = 1).
XENON;;
The particles are of type xenon (`MASS`=latexmath:[m_{xe}],
`CHARGE`=20).
The particles are of type xenon (`MASS` = latexmath:[m_{xe}],
`CHARGE` = 20).
H2P;;
The particles are of type hydrogen+ (`MASS`=latexmath:[m_{h2p}], `CHARGE`=1).
The particles are of type molecular hydrogen ions+
(`MASS` = latexmath:[m_{h2p}], `CHARGE` = 1).
ALPHA;;
The particles are of alpha particles (`MASS` = latexmath:[m_{alpha}],
`CHARGE` = 2).
For other particle names one may enter:
......
elements.asciidoc
+ 53
− 26
View file @ 3775dc11
......@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ DPSI::
WAKEF::
Attach wakefield that was defined using the `WAKE` command.
PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION::
Attach a handler for particle matter interaction, see Chapter link:partmatter#chp.partmatter[Particle Matter Interaction].
Attach a handler for particle-matter interaction, see Chapter link:partmatter#chp.partmatter[Particle Matter Interaction].
All elements can have arbitrary additional attributes which are defined
in the respective section.
......@@ -2213,8 +2213,10 @@ CCOLLIMATOR::
----
label:ECOLLIMATOR, TYPE=string, APERTURE=real-vector,
L=real, XSIZE=real, YSIZE=real;
label:RCOLLIMATOR,TYPE=string, APERTURE=real-vector,
L=real, XSIZE=real, YSIZE=real;
label:FLEXIBLECOLLIMATOR, APERTURE=real-vector,
L=real, DESCRIPTION=string, FNAME=string, OUTFN=string;
----
......@@ -2225,13 +2227,22 @@ L::
The collimator length (default: 0 m).
OUTFN::
The file name into which the monitor should write the collected data.
The file is an H5hut file.
The file is an H5hut file (or ASCII if link:control#sec.control.option[`ASCIIDUMP`] is true).
PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION::
`PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION` is an attribute of the element
(see Chapter link:partmatter#chp.partmatter[Particle Matter Interaction]).
`TYPE=SCATTERING` must be selected to include scattering interactions
and energy loss calculation through the `MATERIAL` definition
(see link:partmatter#sec.partmatter.available-materials-in-opal[Available Materials in _OPAL_]).
If this is not set, the particle-matter interaction module will
not be activated. The particle hitting collimator will be recorded
and directly deleted from the simulation.
Optically a collimator behaves like a drift space, but
during tracking, it also introduces an aperture limit. The aperture is
checked at the entrance. If the length is not zero, the aperture is also
checked at the exit and at every timestep. Lost particles are saved in an H5hut file defined by `OUTFN`. The `ELEMEDGE` defines the location of the collimator and `L`
the length.
checked at the exit and at every timestep. Lost particles are saved in an H5hut file defined by `OUTFN`.
The `ELEMEDGE` defines the location of the collimator and `L` the length.
The reference system for a collimator is a Cartesian coordinate system.
......@@ -2421,14 +2432,14 @@ WIDTH::
OUTFN::
The file name into which the collimator should write the collected data.
PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION::
`PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION` is an attribute of the element. Collimator
physics is only a kind of particlematterinteraction. It can be applied
to any element. If the type of `PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION` is
`COLLIMATOR`, the material is defined here. The material "Cu",
"Be", "Graphite" and "Mo" are defined until now. If this is not
set, the particle matter interaction module will not be activated. The
particle hitting collimator will be recorded and directly deleted from
the simulation.
`PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION` is an attribute of the element
(see Chapter link:partmatter#chp.partmatter[Particle Matter Interaction]).
`TYPE=SCATTERING` must be selected to include scattering interactions
and energy loss calculation through the `MATERIAL` definition
(see link:partmatter#sec.partmatter.available-materials-in-opal[Available Materials in _OPAL_]).
If this is not set, the particle-matter interaction module will
not be activated. The particle hitting collimator will be recorded
and directly deleted from the simulation.
.Collimator
[[fig_collimator,Figure {counter:fig-cnt}]]
......@@ -2445,9 +2456,12 @@ REAL x1=-215.0;
REAL x2=-220.0;
REAL x3=0.0;
REAL x4=0.0;
cmphys:particlematterinteraction, TYPE="Collimator", MATERIAL="Cu";
cmphys: PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION, TYPE=SCATTERING, MATERIAL="Copper";
cma1: CCollimator, XSTART=x1, XEND=x2,YSTART=y1, YEND=y2,
ZSTART=2, ZEND=100, WIDTH=10.0, PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION=cmphys ;
cma2: CCollimator, XSTART=x3, XEND=x4,YSTART=y3, YEND=y4,
ZSTART=2, ZEND=100, WIDTH=10.0, PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION=cmphys;
----
......@@ -2585,11 +2599,20 @@ XSIZE::
Major axis of the transverse elliptical shape, default value is 1e6.
YSIZE::
Minor axis of the transverse elliptical shape, default value is 1e6.
PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION::
`PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION` is an attribute of the element
(see Chapter link:partmatter#chp.partmatter[Particle Matter Interaction]).
`TYPE=SCATTERING` must be selected to include scattering interactions
and energy loss calculation through the `MATERIAL` definition
(see link:partmatter#sec.partmatter.available-materials-in-opal[Available Materials in _OPAL_]).
If this is not set, the particle-matter interaction module will
not be activated. The particle hitting degrader will be recorded
and directly deleted from the simulation.
Example: Graphite degrader of 15 cm thickness.
----
DEGPHYS: PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION, TYPE="DEGRADER", MATERIAL="Graphite";
DEGPHYS: PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION, TYPE=SCATTERING, MATERIAL="Graphite";
DEG1: DEGRADER, L=0.15, ELEMEDGE=0.02, PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION=DEGPHYS;
----
......@@ -2658,18 +2681,18 @@ KHV:KICKER, HKICK=0.001, VKICK=0.0005;
The reference system for an orbit corrector is a Cartesian coordinate
system.
[[sec.elements.beamstripping-opal-cycl]]
=== Beam Stripping (_OPAL-cycl_)
[[sec.elements.vacuum-opal-cycl]]
=== Vacuum (_OPAL-cycl_)
Beam stripping represents an abstract element that includes the necessary
parameters to consider the interactions with the residual gas and
the magnetic field of the cyclotron. When the particle interacts,
Vacuum element represents the conditions and parameters to consider
interactions with the residual gas and the magnetic field
in a cyclotron. When the particle interacts,
it is recorded in the file, which contains the time,
coordinates and momentum of the particle at this moment.
The particle could produce a new particle, changing
the charge and mass.
There are 7 parameters to describe beam stripping.
There are 7 parameters to describe the vacuum space.
PRESSURE::
The average pressure of the residual gas in the cyclotron. [mbar]
......@@ -2681,7 +2704,8 @@ PMAPFN::
plane with primary direction corresponding to the azimuthal direction,
secondary direction to the radial direction
(same file structure as `Cyclotron` `TYPE=CARBONCYCL`).
If `PMAPFN` is specified, `PRESSURE` parameter is taken as default value for regions in the accelerator out of the limits of the pressure map.
If `PMAPFN` is specified, `PRESSURE` parameter is taken as default value
for regions in the accelerator out of the limits of the pressure map.
PSCALE::
Scale factor for the pressure field map (default: 1.0).
GAS::
......@@ -2691,14 +2715,17 @@ STOP::
simulation. Otherwise, the outcoming particle continues to be tracked
as `SECONDARY` particle (default: true).
PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION::
`PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION` is an attribute of the element. Beam stripping
physics is only a kind of particlematterinteraction.
`PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION` is an attribute of the element
(see Chapter link:partmatter#chp.partmatter[Particle Matter Interaction]).
`TYPE=BEAMSTRIPPING` must be selected to include stripping interactions
with the residual gas and Lorentz stripping.
Example: Beam stripping by latexmath:[H_2] residual gas.
Example: Vacuum representation with latexmath:[H_2] residual gas.
----
bstp_phys:particlematterinteraction, TYPE="BEAMSTRIPPING";
bstp: BEAMSTRIPPING, PRESSURE=1E-8, TEMPERATURE=300,
bstp_phys: PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION, TYPE=BEAMSTRIPPING;
vac: VACUUM, PRESSURE=1E-8, TEMPERATURE=300,
GAS="H2", STOP=true, PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION=bstp_phys;
----
......
examples/particlematterinteraction.in
+ 2
− 2
View file @ 3775dc11
KX1IPHYS: ParticleMatterInteraction, TYPE="Collimator",MATERIAL="Copper";
KX1IPHYS: PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION, TYPE=SCATTERING, MATERIAL="Copper";
KX2IPHYS: ParticleMatterInteraction, TYPE="Collimator",MATERIAL="Graphite";
KX2IPHYS: PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION, TYPE=SCATTERING, MATERIAL="Graphite";
KX0I: ECOLLIMATOR, L=0.09, ELEMEDGE=0.01, APERTURE={0.003,0.003},OUTFN="KX0I.h5",
PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION='KX1IPHYS';
......
partmatter.asciidoc
+ 167
− 43
View file @ 3775dc11
......@@ -9,13 +9,22 @@ endif::[]
[[chp.partmatter]]
== Physics Models Used in the Particle Matter Interaction Model
The command to define the particle matter interacton is
PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION.
The command to define the particle-matter interacton is
`PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION`.
TYPE::
Specifies the particle-matter interaction handler.
Currently, there are the two following implemented methods:
`SCATTERING` for physical processes of beam scattering and energy loss
by heavy charged particles and `BEAMSTRIPPING` for interactions
with residual gas and Lorentz stripping.
MATERIAL::
The material of the surface.
The material of the surface (see link:partmatter#sec.partmatter.available-materials-in-opal[Available Materials in _OPAL_]).
ENABLERUTHERFORD::
Switch to disable Rutherford scattering, default true.
Switch to disable Rutherford scattering (default: true).
LOWENERGYTHR::
Low-energy threshold [MeV] for energy loss calculation.
Particles with lower energy will be removed (default: 0.01 MeV).
The so defined instance has then to be added to an element using the
attribute
......@@ -49,6 +58,10 @@ T_{max}=\frac{2m_ec^2\beta^2\gamma^2}{1+2\gamma m_e/M+(m_e/M)^2},
where latexmath:[M] is the incident particle mass.
This expression is valid for energies from 600 keV to 10 GeV for
incident beams of `PROTON`, `DEUTERON`, `MUON`, `HMINUS` and `H2P`;
and also for `ALPHA` particles from 10 MeV to 1 GeV.
The stopping power is compared with PSTAR program of NIST in
<<fig_PSTAR>>.
......@@ -56,6 +69,68 @@ The stopping power is compared with PSTAR program of NIST in
[[fig_PSTAR,Figure {counter:fig-cnt}]]
image::figures/partmatter/dEdx.png[scaledwidth=12cm,width=70%]
The energy loss in the low-energy region is calculated using
semi-empirical fitting formulas of Andersen and Ziegler <<bib.icru49>>.
[latexmath]
++++
-\frac{\mathrm{d} E}{\mathrm{d} x}=10^{-21}\frac{N_A}{A} \cdot \epsilon,
++++
where the energy loss is in MeV cm^2/g and latexmath:[\epsilon] is
a fitted function of the stopping cross section.
[latexmath]
++++
\epsilon = \frac{\epsilon_{low}\cdot\epsilon_{high}}{\epsilon_{low}+\epsilon_{high}}
++++
In case of incident protons in the material for energies from 10 keV to 600 keV,
the fitting functions are given by:
[latexmath]
++++
\epsilon_{low} = A2 \cdot T_s^{0.45}
++++
[latexmath]
++++
\epsilon_{high} = \frac{A3}{T_s} \ln{\left(1 + \frac{A4}{T_s} + A5 \cdot T_s\right)}
++++
where latexmath:[T_s] is the kinetic energy (in keV) divided by
the proton mass (in amu). For latexmath:[T_s] between 1 and 10 keV,
the fitted function is given by:
[latexmath]
++++
\epsilon = A1 \cdot T_s^{0.5}
++++
In case of incident alpha particles for energies from 1 keV to 10 MeV,
the stopping power functions is expressed as:
[latexmath]
++++
\epsilon_{low} = B1\cdot(1000T)^{B2}
++++
[latexmath]
++++
\epsilon_{high} = \frac{B3}{T} \ln{\left(1 + \frac{B4}{T} + B5 \cdot T\right)}
++++
where latexmath:[T] is the kinetic energy in MeV. The numerical values
of coefficients of the empirical formulas are showed in <<tab_AZ_coeff>>.
The particles lost due to excessive energy loss (final energy null
or lower than `LOWENERGYTHR`) are recorded in a HDF5 file
(or ASCII if link:control#sec.control.option[`ASCIIDUMP`] is true).
The loss file name is compound by the associated element name
and the `PARTICLEMATTERINTERACTION` name.
Energy straggling: For relatively thick absorbers such that the number
of collisions is large, the energy loss distribution is shown to be
Gaussian in form. For non-relativistic heavy particles the spread
......@@ -231,9 +306,9 @@ and it is evaluated through an independent random variable
each step latexmath:[\delta _s].
Gas stripping could be applied for four different types of incoming
particles: negative hydrogen ions (latexmath:[H^-]), protons
(latexmath:[p]), neutral hydrogen atoms (latexmath:[H]) and hydrogen
molecule ions (latexmath:[H_2^+]). Single / Double - electron detachment
particles: negative hydrogen ions (`HMINUS`), protons
(`PROTON`), neutral hydrogen atoms (`HYDROGEN`) and hydrogen
molecule ions (`H2P`). Single / Double - electron detachment
or capture reactions are considered for each of them.
Cross sections are calculated according to energy of the particle
......@@ -316,80 +391,121 @@ is latexmath:[N=(2k_0(k_0+\alpha)(2k_0+\alpha))^{1/2} / \alpha], where
latexmath:[\alpha] is a parameter for the ionic potential function.
[[sec.partmatter.the-flow-diagram-of-collimatorphysics-class-in-opal]]
=== The Flow Diagram of _CollimatorPhysics_ Class in OPAL
[[sec.partmatter.the-flow-diagram-of-scatteringphysics-class-in-opal]]
=== The Flow Diagram of _ScatteringPhysics_ Class in OPAL
.The diagram of CollimatorPhysics in _OPAL_.
.The diagram of ScatteringPhysics in _OPAL_.
[[fig_CollPhysics,Figure {counter:fig-cnt}]]
image::figures/partmatter/diagram.png[scaledwidth=16cm,width=70%]
.The diagram of CollimatorPhysics in _OPAL_ (continued).
.The diagram of ScatteringPhysics in _OPAL_ (continued).
[[fig_CollPhysics2,Figure {counter:fig-cnt}]]
image::figures/partmatter/Diagram2.png[scaledwidth=8cm,width=30%]
[[sec.partmatter.the-substeps]]
==== The Substeps
Small step is needed in the routine of CollimatorPhysics.
Small step is needed in the routine of ScatteringPhysics.
If a large step is given in the main input file, in the file
_CollimatorPhysics.cpp_, it is divided by a integer number
_ScatteringPhysics.cpp_, it is divided by a integer number
latexmath:[n] to make the step size using for the calculation of
collimator physics less than 1.01e-12 s. As shown by
scattering physics less than 1.01e-12 s. As shown by
<<fig_CollPhysics>> and <<fig_CollPhysics2>> in the previous section, first we track one
step for the particles already in the collimator and the newcomers, then
another (n-1) steps to make sure the particles in the collimator
step for the particles already in the element and the newcomers, then
another (n-1) steps to make sure the particles in the element
experience the same time as the ones in the main bunch.
Now, if the particle leave the collimator during the (n-1) steps, we
Now, if the particle leave the element during the (n-1) steps, we
track it as in a drift and put it back to the main bunch when finishing
(n-1) steps.
[[sec.partmatter.available-materials-in-opal]]
=== Available Materials in _OPAL_
.List of materials with their parameters implemented in _OPAL_.
Different materials have been implemented in _OPAL_ for scattering interactions
and energy loss calculation. The materials that are supported are listed
in <<tab_List_of_Materials>>, including the atomic number, latexmath:[Z],
the atomic weight, latexmath:[A], the mass density, latexmath:[\rho],
the radiation lenght, latexmath:[X0], and the mean excitation energy,
latexmath:[I]. In addition, the coefficients of the Andersen-Ziegler
empirical formulas for the stopping power in the
low-energy region are illustrated in <<tab_AZ_coeff>>.
.List of materials with their atomic and nuclear properties <<bib.atomic>> <<bib.pdgdatabase>>.
[[tab_List_of_Materials,Table {counter:tab-cnt}]]
[cols="^2,^1,^1,^1,^1,^1,^1,^1,^1,^2",options="header",]
[cols="^2,^1,^1,^1,^1,^1",options="header",]
|=======================================================================
|Material |Z |A |latexmath:[\rho] [latexmath:[g/cm^3]] |X0
[latexmath:[g/cm^2]] |A2 |A3 |A4 |A5 |_OPAL_ Name
|Aluminum |13 |26.98 |2.7 |24.01 |4.739 |2766 |164.5 |2.023E-02
|`Aluminum`
|Material (_OPAL_ Name) |Z |A |latexmath:[\rho] [latexmath:[g/cm^3]] |X0
[latexmath:[g/cm^2]] |I [latexmath:[eV]]
|BoronCarbide |26 |55.25 |2.48 |50.14 |3.963 |6065 |1243 |7.782e-3
|`BoronCarbide`
|`Air` |7 |14 |1.205E-3 |36.62 |85.7
|AluminaAl2O3 |50 |101.96 |3.97 |27.94 |7.227 |11210 |386.4 |4.474e-3
|`AluminaAl2O3`
|`Aluminum`|13 |26.9815384 |2.699 |24.01 |166.0
|`AluminaAl2O3` |50 |101.9600768 |3.97 |27.94 |145.2
|Copper |29 |63.54 |8.96 |12.86 |4.194 |4649 |81.13 |2.242E-02 |`Copper`
|`Beryllium` |4 |9.0121831 |1.848 |65.19 |63.7
|Graphite |6 |12.0172 |2.210 |42.7 |2.601 |1701 |1279 |1.638E-02
|`Graphite`
|`BoronCarbide` |26 |55.251 |2.52 |50.13 |84.7
|GraphiteR6710 |6 |12.0172 |1.88 |42.7 |2.601 |1701 |1279 |1.638E-02
|`GraphiteR6710`
|`Copper` |29 |63.546 |8.96 |12.86 |322.0
|Titan |22 |47.8 |4.54 |16.16 |5.489 |5260 |651.1 |8.930E-03 |`Titan`
|`Gold` |79 |196.966570 |19.32 |6.46 |790.0
|Air |7 |14 |0.0012 |37.99 |3.350 |1683 |1900 |2.513E-02 |`Air`
|`Graphite` |6 |12.0172 |2.210 |42.7 |78.0
|Kapton |6 |12 |1.4 |39.95 |2.601 |1701 |1279 |1.638E-02 |`Kapton`
|`GraphiteR6710` |6 |12.0172 |1.88 |42.7 |78.0
|Gold |79 |197 |19.3 |6.46 |5.458 |7852 |975.8 |2.077E-02 |`Gold`
|`Kapton` |6 |12 |1.420 |40.58 |79.6
|Water |10 |18 |1 |36.08 |2.199 |2393 |2699 |1.568E-02 |`Water`
|`Molybdenum` |42 |95.95 |10.22 |9.80 |424.0
|Mylar |6.702 |12.88 |1.4 |39.95 |3.35 |1683 |1900 |2.513E-02 |`Mylar`
|`Mylar` |6.702 |12.88 |1.400 |39.95 |78.7
|Beryllium |4 |9.012 |1.848 |65.19 |2.590 |966.0 |153.8 |3.475E-02
|`Beryllium`
|`Titanium` |22 |47.867 |4.540 |16.16 |233.0
|Molybdenum |42 |95.94 |10.22 |9.8 |7.248 |9545 |480.2 |5.376E-03
|`Molybdenum`
|`Water` |10 |18.0152 |1 |36.08 |75.0
|=======================================================================
.List of materials with the coefficients of the Andersen-Ziegler empirical formulas for the stopping power in the low-energy region <<bib.icru49>>.
[[tab_AZ_coeff,Table {counter:tab-cnt}]]
[cols="^2,^1,^1,^1,^1,^1,^1,^1,^1,^1,^1",options="header",]
|=======================================================================
|Material (_OPAL_ Name) |A1 |A2 |A3 |A4 |A5 |B1 |B2 |B3 |B4 |B5
|`Air` |2.954 |3.350 |1.683e3 |1.900e3 |2.513e-2 |1.9259 |0.5550 |27.15125 |26.0665 |6.2768
|`Aluminum` |4.154 |4.739 |2.766e3 |1.645e2 |2.023e-2 |2.5 |0.625 |45.7 |0.1 |4.359
|`AluminaAl2O3` |1.187e1 |1.343e1 |1.069e4 |7.723e2 |2.153e-2 |5.4 |0.53 |103.1 |3.931 |7.767
|`Beryllium` |2.248 |2.590 |9.660e2 |1.538e2 |3.475e-2 |2.1895 |0.47183 |7.2362 |134.30 |197.96
|`BoronCarbide` |3.519 |3.963 |6065.0 |1243.0 |7.782e-3 |5.013 |0.4707 |85.8 |16.55 |3.211
|`Copper` |3.969 |4.194 |4.649e3 |8.113e1 |2.242e-2 |3.114 |0.5236 |76.67 |7.62 |6.385
|`Gold` |4.844 |5.458 |7.852e3 |9.758e2 |2.077e-2 |3.223 |0.5883 |232.7 |2.954 |1.05
|`Graphite` |0.0 |2.601 |1.701e3 |1.279e3 |1.638e-2 |3.80133 |0.41590 |12.9966 |117.83 |242.28
|`GraphiteR6710` |0.0 |2.601 |1.701e3 |1.279e3 |1.638e-2 |3.80133 |0.41590 |12.9966 |117.83 |242.28
|`Kapton` |0.0 |2.601 |1.701e3 |1.279e3 |1.638e-2 |3.83523 |0.42993 |12.6125 |227.41 |188.97
|`Molybdenum` |6.424 |7.248 |9.545e3 |4.802e2 |5.376e-3 |9.276 |0.418 |157.1 |8.038 |1.29
|`Mylar` |2.954 |3.350 |1683 |1900 |2.513e-02 |1.9259 |0.5550 |27.15125 |26.0665 |6.2768
|`Titanium` |4.858 |5.489 |5.260e3 |6.511e2 |8.930e-3 |4.71 |0.5087 |65.28 |8.806 |5.948
|`Water` |4.015 |4.542 |3.955e3 |4.847e2 |7.904e-3 |2.9590 |0.53255 |34.247 |60.655 |15.153
|=======================================================================
[[sec.partmatter.example-of-an-input-file]]
=== Example of an Input File
......@@ -437,5 +553,13 @@ anchor:bib.barnett[[{counter:bib-cnt}\]]
anchor:bib.scherk[[{counter:bib-cnt}\]]
<<bib.scherk>> L. R. Scherk. An improved value for the electron affinity of the negative hydrogen ion, Can. J. Phys., 57, 558–563 (1979).
anchor:bib.atomic[[{counter:bib-cnt}\]]
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